By activating the lactate transporter Slc5a12 on CD4 + T cells and inhibiting the expression of hexokinase 1 (HK1), lactate accumulation in synovial fluid (SF) reduced glycolytic flux in T cells and promotes FAS, which raises IL-17 production (152)
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For GSH assay, cells were treated in Earles balanced salt solution (EBSS), supplemented with 25 mM glucose, 4 mM glutamine, 1 X MEM vitamin solution (Life technologies, CA, USA), 0.22% wt/vol NaHCO 3 , 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 0.2% BSA, 25 mM HEPES, 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 g/ml streptomycin in the presence or absence of 1 X MEM amino acid solution (Gibco, CA, USA) with or without 100 M cystine