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Oxidative stress in chronic kidney diseases is characterized by several distinct pathways: oxidative stress mediated by ROS ( OH), nitrosative stress mediated by RNS (ONOO , NO 2 ), chlorinated stress mediated by chlorinated species (HOCl), and carbonyl stress (Advanced glycation end products, AGEs) (Ling and Kuo 2018)

Examples of these models are the cone-plate apparatus and the dynamic in vitro model

A single session of aerobic exercise mediates plasticity-related phosphorylation in both the rat motor cortex and hippocampus

Percie du Sert N, Hurst V, Ahluwalia A, Alam S, Avey MT, Baker M, Browne WJ, Clark A, Cuthill IC, Dirnagl U, Emerson M, Garner P, Holgate ST, Howells DW, Karp NA, Lazic SE, Lidster K, MacCallum CJ, Macleod M, Pearl EJ, Petersen OH, Rawle F, Reynolds P, Rooney K, Sena ES, Silberberg SD, Steckler T, Wrbel H (2020) The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research

Current Therapeutic Research 1989;46(6):1027-1033