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In humans, about 70 per cent to 80 per cent of nicotine is metabolised rapidly in the liver to cotinine and 3- hydroxycotinine 16

[120] Although life expectancy with this disease is typically limited, there are notable survivors

Retrieved 19 September 2009

The study was funded in part by a 2008 Global Research Award for Nicotine Dependence (GRAND), an independent, investigator-initiated research program sponsored by Pfizer, which manufactures varenicline, and by the National Institute for Drug Abuse.

Surgeon Generals April 2019 Advisory on E-cigarette Use Among Youth, CDCs Quick Facts, and FDAs 2019 National Youth Tobacco Survey)