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Regulation of expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in human bronchial epithelial cells: roles of protein kinase C and mitogen-activated protein kinases
This fungus secretes a secondary metabolite, AT-C1, which suppresses the AhR signaling pathway, reducing interleukin-22(IL-22) secretion by group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) in the gut, ultimately inducing PCOS-like phenotypes in mouse models ( 4.3 Viral microbiome Beyond bacteria and fungi, the gut viromean essential component of the gut ecosystemhas also been implicated in disease development through its regulation of bacterial communities and host immunity ( Nevertheless, current studies on PCOS and the gut microbiome, particularly the fungal and viral components, remain limited, often constrained by small sample sizes, inadequate control for confounders, lack of causal mechanistic validation, and insufficient stratification of PCOS subtypes
However, caspase inhibitors were unable to stop fragment formation, suggesting the involvement of other enzymes [44,45,46,47]