Many brands want their serum to contain multiple high-performance actives such as vitamin C derivatives, retinoids, exfoliating acids, botanical antioxidants, or hydrating complexes
Astaxanthins free radical-scavenging capacity (as defined by its Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity, or ORAC value) is one of the most potent of all the antioxidants, having been shown to be 6000x more than vitamin C, 800x more than coenzyme Q10, 550x more than vitamin E, 200x more than polyphenols and 75x more than alpha lipoic acid, making it a valuable addition to other essential antioxidant intake
The Absorption Challenge The natural absorption of B12 involves a complex process: B12 from food binds to proteins and must be released by stomach acid It then attaches to intrinsic factor (a protein produced in the stomach) This complex travels to the small intestine where B12 is absorbed Finally, it enters the bloodstream for transport to cells This intricate pathway can be disrupted by numerous factors, including: Age-related decrease in stomach acid production Certain medications including proton pump inhibitors and metformin Gastrointestinal conditions like Crohn's disease Vegetarian or vegan diets with limited B12 sources Gastric bypass or other digestive surgeries Pernicious anaemia (autoimmune condition affecting intrinsic factor) The Injection Advantage B12 injections circumvent these potential absorption barriers by: Delivering B12 directly into muscle tissue Allowing immediate uptake into the bloodstream Bypassing the need for intrinsic factor and digestive processing Achieving higher blood concentrations than possible with oral supplements Providing 100% bioavailability regardless of digestive health This direct-delivery method explains why many people experience more noticeable benefits from injections compared to oral supplements
While cardiac and smooth muscles tend to be spared in most patients, myocardial degenerative lesions have been reported in thyrotoxicosis, with foci of cell necrosis, mononuclear infiltrates, and mucopolysaccharide deposits similar to those described in extraocular and skeletal muscles (290)
, Barrionuevo G., and Weber S
