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Additional refinements to its structure to limit both phase 1 and phase 2 hepatic metabolism and first pass clearance, to reduce metabolism by gastric enzymes and enhance oral bioavailability, and to diminish polar surface area and overall size to facilitate BBB penetrability are currently in progress

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doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1640365 Received 03 June 2025 Accepted 22 August 2025 Published 01 September 2025 Volume 16 - 2025 Edited by Jinbong Park, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea Reviewed by Wangbin Wu, University of Cincinnati, United States Nilkamal Mahanta, Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad, India Fahad Khan, Saveetha Medical College & Hospital, India Updates Copyright 2025 Shi, Ni, Kong, Ren, Shi, Xu, Qu, Zhou and Zhang

Funding The project was supported by Sultan Qaboos University